It is characteristic that someone who carries
in to effect something which is hard to perform in general becomes an important
individual in the history. The same holds true for queen Viharamahadevi to whom most scholars attribute the victory of the
war campaign undertaken by Dutugamunu
in his pursuit of freedom from the South Indian invasion. Viharamahadevi being the noble mother queen of her son made herself
extraordinary on account of her military performance in particular and due to
her noble character in general. She occupied herself in a military task which
was not something much heard of a woman of her contemporary time. In contrast, Viharamahadevi became well known for
her role as the military supervisor of her son while being noted for bravery
and endurance which enabled her to accompany her son to the battle field regardless
of the danger she becomes exposed to. Given that, her role shouldn’t let go
unrecognized considering her outstanding acts of bravery. All those who were
present at the war by the side of Dutugamunu
were males with the notable exception of Viharamahadevi. Saddaramalankaraya
mentions the manner the mother queen arrived at the battle field as, “at this
moment the king headed by the monks carrying his mother Viharamahadevi set forth in his war campaign.” Other primary sources
including Mahavamsa report this in
the same way. Consequently, it becomes evident that it was the king himself who
decided to take his mother to the battlefield which at first sight seems to be
something that can hardly be expected from a son.
Viharamahadevi, a military woman, driven by patriotism.
By Sanka Indranath
ancient,
Anuradhapura,
Dutugamunu,
Feminine,
Heritage,
Sri Lanka,
Sri Lankan Queens,
Viharamahadevi,
war
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The heroic role of the Buddhist monastic community as the protector of both the monarch and the Buddha Sasana in ancient Sri Lanka.
By Sanka Indranath
ancient,
Buddha Sasana,
Buddhist,
Devanampiyathissa,
Dutugamunu,
Heritage,
Kalanithissa,
monastic,
Sri Lanka,
Sri Lankan Kings,
Viharamahadevi
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In ancient Sri Lanka, especially during
the Anuradhapura kingdom period Buddhism formed an important portion of the responsibilities
of the monarch. This is particularly due to inseparable connection maintained
between the ruler and the Buddhist monastic community which has its roots back
to the period of king Devanampiyathissa.
It was the duty of the monarch to preserve Buddha Sasana under any circumstance.
What was characteristic of Sri Lankan culture and society is that the ruler and
the Buddhist monastic community operated as the protector of each other without which neither was possible. Further, the monastic community had a
substantial part to play in the consolidation of power of the king which was
peculiar for the Sri Lankan setting. At first glance it would appear that it is
not possible for the bhikkhus to maintain such an influence over the power of
the ruler since these two don’t reveal any visible connection on the surface. Therefore,
to acquire a better understanding this aspect should be examined along with the
cultural and religious influences of the time.
A fair appreciation to the contribution of king Kavanthissa in the rescue mission of king Dutugamunu.
By Sanka Indranath
ancient,
Dutugamunu,
Heritage,
Kavanthissa,
Sri Lanka,
Sri Lankan Kings
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History holds true both
the successes and the failures of various attempts made by the rulers either to
gain more power or to save the limited territory from the subordination to an
external invader. By the very sense of the word, the war undertaken by Dutugamunu against the south Indian
invader Elara can be fairly
introduced as a rescue mission. More importantly this is due to two significant
reasons which made Dutugamunu’s reign unforgettable. Firstly, this war brought
back the long-lost sovereignty of the state. Secondly it established Buddha
Sasana which culminated in making Dutugamunu’s reign the golden age of Buddha
Sasana. Therefore, it is worthwhile to throw some light on the important
figures who lent a hand to the success of Dutugamunu’s effort to achieve the
said objectives. In fact, anyone who took part in the mission should not be
deprived of a proper appreciation for their contribution of any form. Here the
main focus is on the assistance rendered by Kavanthissa, the father of Dutugamunu who
was also the former king of Ruhuna.
Why it remains difficult to determine whether Elara was a pious king or not?
Sri Lanka has undergone foreign invasions
even from Anuradhapura period as revealed by historical chronicles such as Mahavamsa. Amongst these, the invasion
of Elara (from 205-161 BCE) which took place during the reign of king Asela resulted in subjugating Rajarata
and remained so during the reigns of Kawanthissa
and Dutugamunu during which periods
the sovereignty of Sri Lanka was no longer found. Despite the South Indian origin
and the Tamil identity of Elara, Mahavmsa contains an account which
paints his picture in a favorable light as a pious ruler who followed a healthy
policy with regard to Buddha Sasana in Sri Lanka. But determining Whether Elara was a pious king or not has
remained a controversial subject due to certain other factors not to mention
the disparities found in various primary sources. For instance Pujavaliya reports about Elara as an invader who destroyed
Buddha Sasana in Sri Lanka while Mahavamsa
portrays him as a pious king who being a Tamil, benefitted Buddhism. Following
such available accounts the scholars have divided themselves in speaking for
and against the view that Elara was
a pious king. For example, most sources assume that Elara was a pious king who is distinguished for his justice, while
they identify Elara’s soldiers as the ones who should be held responsible for
the damage inflicted upon Buddha Sasana. Mahavamsa’
description on how Elara punished
his own son for a misdeed which reflected his concern for justice has caused many
to bear with the assumption that Elara
was in fact a peaceful king with the exception of his soldiers whose
misbehavior ended up damaging and disrespecting Buddhist temples. Therefore it
is due to the number of references Mahawamsa
makes about Elara he became well
known for his justice despite being an invader.
Feminine role in politics and war in ancient monarchical Sri Lanka with special attention to Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa period.
By Sanka Indranath
ancient,
Anula,
Anuradhapura,
Feminine,
Heritage,
monarchical,
politics,
Polonnaruwa,
Sri Lanka,
Sri Lankan Queens,
Sugala,
Viharamahadevi,
war
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Though the roles ancient
monarchs came to play in Sri Lankan history is a much discussed subject, an equal
attention has not been paid to observe the role of their female counterparts.
What is noteworthy in this regard is though infrequently, women have advanced
to power more commonly owing to a critical political condition mostly followed
by an assassination of a king, when the kingdom has fallen in to decline.
However, while some queens in power acted with altruistic intentions, some
other queens’ actions were driven by egoism which made them strikingly
different from each other. Therefore it is observable that while the former
operated in favor of the common well-being, the latter functioned overwhelmed by
sheer desire for power. Therefore history of Sri Lanka is made of women of both
kinds, generous and vicious. Unlike certain countries in the world’s history,
in ancient Sri Lanka, women were allowed to lay hold of power. But it should be
noted that by tradition, the kingship passed by inheritance which was passed
either from father to the elder son or from the elder brother to the younger brother.
According to this tradition peculiar to ancient Sri Lankan monarchical period,
women had no opportunity to become a ruler. However as revealed in history, depending
on the circumstance women had the chance to take hold of power. For instance queen
Anula of Anuradhapura was able to seize power owing to the death of her husband,
king Choranaga